Political Philosophy Essays - Philosophy, Political Philosophy

Political Philosophy Political philosophy's are the theories and ideas of those who believe that they have an answer to the questions that politics raise in society. The questions that these political philosophers set out to answer range from describing what the state of nature is to what type of regimes are necessary to tame and organize the nature of man. The ideas that they come up with are not all that original. Plato, an early political philosopher and student of Socrates, set out to come up with a society that would function properly. His ideal society would consist of rulers, guardians, and the masses. All of which are molded at a young age to play a societal role in order to contribute to the betterment of their social arena. Plato has gone down in history as one of the better political philosophers to ever live, and arguably the best. While looking at what a society needs, he was able to recognize the needs of a society as well as the needs of the individual. He # humbled the ego of man, when he acknowledged that one individual could not survive on his own and that all people are dependent on others to survive. His idea of an organized community has been the focus of many political philosophy debates and has been a stepping stone from which many philosophers have created their own ideal social environment. Though their theories may not be identical to Plato's, signs of his structures are definitely evident. Thomas Hobbes, a political philosopher in the seventeenth century, had many theories and ideas that seemed to have coincided with Plato's thoughts. Hobbes view of the state of nature was a very primitive one. He felt that in the state of nature there was a war of every man against every man to survive. In the natural state, justice was impossible, because without set limits and structures, everyone has the rights to everything and anarchy is almost inevitable. The only way to escape the unfortunate fate of anarchy would be for everyone to agree to a covenant. In this covenant, all the people would give up their rights and create a sovereign. The conditions of the covenant was to give the sovereign full discretion in dealing with citizens. It was up to the sovereign to protect the lives of the citizens. Quite ironically, the sovereign also had the right to have any citizen # killed. Fortunately, the citizens did not give up their right to fight back and were allowed to, usually to no avail. As long as the sovereign was keeping the majority of citizens alive and maintaining absolute power, the covenant would be considered successful and a civil society would have been created. The covenant proposed in Leviathan, was meant to help keep the common good of peace. As long as people weren't killing each other the common good was being reached and the monarchy was considered successful. If people continued to kill each other the covenant of the absolute sovereign would be looked upon as tyranny. This is clearly comparable to Plato's theory of a civil society. Plato pointed out how no one person could survive by them self or without the help of a controlled civil society. Hobbes takes Plato's idea of men dependent upon other men, to extremes when he reveals that men will kill each other in order to survive. WHY? Because other people have what we need in order to maintain our lives, whether it be property, food or etc. But why do we need a civil society? Hobbes, again is playing off Plato's acknowledgement of the selfishness of man. Because people are selfish and are willing to do whatever it takes to live, they are going to violate others in order to better themselves. Only in a # society where restrictions and laws are placed upon people, will people begin to work with one another instead of against one another in the effort to survive together and use the resources and expertise that each person has to offer. Though Hobbes' way of governing this communal society is a bit different than Plato, it still stems from the same premise. The sovereign that Hobbes describes will be given complete discretion and is trusted to act on what is best for the overall community. Likewise, Plato's rulers are trusted to bring the community together in the hopes of making a strong and flourishing civil society. A definite difference between the two rulers of Hobbes and Plato is that Plato's ruler

Definition and Examples of Distinctio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Distinctio in Rhetoric Distinctio is a  rhetorical term for explicit references to the various meanings of a wordusually for the purpose of removing ambiguities. As Brendan McGuigan points out in Rhetorical Devices (2007), Distinctio allows you to tell your reader exactly what you mean to say. This sort of clarification can be the difference between your sentence being understood or being taken to mean something entirely different from what you intended. Examples and Observations: It depends upon what the meaning of the word is is. If is means is and never has been, thats one thing. If it means there is none, that was a completely true statement.(President Bill Clinton, Grand Jury testimony, 1998)Love:  [I]t would be a long while before I would come to understand the particular moral of the story.It would be a long while because, quite simply, I was in love with New York. I do not mean love in any colloquial way, I mean that I was in love with the city, the way you love the first person who ever touches you and never love anyone quite that same way again.(Joan Didion, Goodbye to All That. Slouching Towards Bethlehem, 1968)Envy:  Don Cognasso will tell you that this commandment prohibits envy, which is certainly an ugly thing. But theres bad envy, which is when your friend has a bicycle and you dont, and you hope he breaks his neck going down a hill, and theres good envy, which is when you want a bike like his and work your butt off to be able to buy one, a nd its good envy that makes the world go round. And then theres another envy, which is justice envy, which is when you cant see any reason that a few people have everything and others are dying of hunger. And if you feel this fine sort of envy, which is socialist envy, you get busy trying to make a world in which riches are better distributed.   (Umberto Eco, The Gorge. The New Yorker, 7 March 2005) Battlefields:  A significant proportion of the detainees held at Guantanamo were picked up far from anything remotely resembling a battlefield. Arrested in cities all over the world, they could only be deemed combatants if one accepts the Bush Administrations claim of a literal war on terrorism. . . . A review of these cases shows that the arresting officers are police, not soldiers, and that the places of arrest include private homes, airports and police stationsnot battlefields.  (Joanne Mariner, It All Depends on What You Mean by Battlefield. FindLaw, July 18, 2006)Sound:  Does a tree falling in the forest make a sound when no one is around to hear it?...Whether an unobserved falling tree makes a sound, then, depends on what you mean by sound. If you mean heard noise, then (squirrels and birds aside) the tree falls silently. If, in contrast, you mean something like distinctive spherical pattern of impact waves in the air, then, yes, the trees falling does make a sound. . . .   (John Heil, Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004) Distinctio in Medieval Theology Distinction (distinctio) was a literary and analytical tool in scholastic theology that aided a theologian in his three basic tasks of lecturing, disputing, and preaching. In classical rhetoric a distinction referred to a section or unit of a text, and this was the most common usage in medieval theology as well. . . .Other forms of distinction were attempts to examine the complexity of certain concepts or terms. The famous distinctions between credere in Deum, credere Deum, and credere Deo reflect the scholastic desire to examine fully the meaning of Christian belief. The propensity to introduce distinctions at almost every stage of argument left medieval theologians open to the charge that they were often divorced from reality since they resolved theological issues (including pastoral problems) in abstract terms. A more severe critique was that employing a distinction assumed that the theologian already had all the data necessary at his fingertips. New information was not needed to resolve a new problem; rather, the distinction apparently gave a theologian a method for only reorganizing the accepted tradition in a new logical manner.​  (James R. Ginther, The Westminster Handbook to Medieval Theology. Westminster John Knox Press, 2009) Pronunciation: dis-TINK-tee-o Etymology From the Latin, distinguishing, distinction, difference

The necessary use of persuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The necessary use of persuation - Essay Example In an organization it is necessary to have persuasion; as the same is an outward appearance of power. It is the procedure of directing the public in the direction of the implementation of a thought, approach, or accomplishment by way of lucid and emblematic means. It is an analytical approach, which to a certain extent depends on petition more willingly than power. There are various ways a manager of an organization may persuade an employee of a company to work hard; motivation, efficient leadership and communication skills are some factors, which may persuade the employees in working hard within an organization. Organizational behavior is based on the presumption that people perform better when they know what is expected of them and can relate their personal goals towards the organizational goals. Accomplishment at work is not only technological knowledge but it has been seen that the same has also been reliant on the concentration of the personnel. Constructing awareness in the populace to provide their levels best towards the job and the place of work is the means to have persuasion in practice in the first place. When the workers who are being persuaded, fully apply their ability and proficiency, the organizational resources are exploited by a good number of positives ensuing in minimum consumption as well as lesser costs. Productivity augments and competence of operations is maximized to say the least. If a manager persuades his employees it would lead to higher motivation in the midst of the individuals which shows the way to better job satisfaction amongst the workers. Persuasion gives details of an assortment of monetary and non-financial inducements, opportunities for progression, industrial tranquility and compassionate ambiance in the venture. The manager in order to persuade the employees should devise a two-way system of communication for effective persuasion. Rhetoric or public speaking is the skill or to put it in a

Parkinson's Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Parkinson's Disease - Research Paper Example The earliest known record of the study of Parkinson’s Disease is mentioned in James Parkinson’s â€Å"Essay on the Shaking Palsy†. The article describes the most common features of the disease which remain as the standard by which other types of parkinsonism are compared. The disease is mainly characterized by trembling of the limbs, muscular stiffness, and slow body movement. In addition, individuals suffering from the disease exhibit the following: standing in a stooped posture; walking in short, shuffling steps, and speaking softly in a rapid and even tone. In most cases, 60 to 80 percent of an individual’s dopaminergic neurons – dopamine-producing cells of the body – are already non-functional by the time Parkinson’s disease has been diagnosed. The mechanism which causes Parkinson’s disease remains unknown. Its pathological classification describes it as a systemic degeneration of the brain which targets specific cells in the brain. In 1908 Dr. Frederick Lewy discovered abnormal structures in the brain associated with Parkinson’s Disease. Called Lewy bodies, these structures are not found in other forms of parkinsonism. It has been theorized that a premature aging process, unknown nutrient deficiency or toxin may be causing the deterioration of the substantia nigra. Tremors Tremors are the most common of Parkinson’s disease, as observed in 50 percent of reported cases. It is the involuntary rhythmic movement of a body part which may occur during rest or when an individual performs a certain movement or action. When the trembling occurs in the middle of a movement, it is classified as an action tremor. However, this does not show as a sign of the disease (Christensen, 2005). Body tremors usually affect the arms and legs, but may also be observed on the lips, tongue, jaw, abdomen, and chest. The trembling action only occurs when the body part concerned is at rest, thus it is described as a resting tremor (Duvoisin & Sage, 2001). In its advanced stages, Parkinson’s disease may also cause postural or action tremors (Schapira, 2010). Rest tremors usually start at the hands or feet, progressing until all four limbs are affected. Since rest tremors disappear once the body part affected starts to move, it does not interfere with an individual†™s ability to perform usual activities such as walking or holding objects (Sharma & Richman, 2005). Jankovic’s (2008) review of existing literature on Parkinson’s disease show that 69% of patients had rest tremor at the onset of the disease. Meanwhile, 9% of the patients lost their tremors at later stages. On the other hand, 11% of patients reported not experiencing tremors. However, another study involving autopsies among victims of Parkinson’s disease revealed that all patients had experienced tremors at some point. Minen and Louis (2008) performed a study on clinical correlates among 53 patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Analysis of the data collected revealed that 100% of the patients had rest tremors. In addition, the data also show that majority of patients with rest tremors were male. Muscular Rigidity Muscular stiffness among patients with Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a constant and uniform resistance to limb manipula tion. This type of stiffness in the muscles is called plastic rigidity wherein the patient’s muscles lose their ability to go back into a relaxed state even when the muscle is at rest (Duvoisin & Sage, 2001). Normally, muscle action involves the contraction and relaxation of specific muscle pairs. One muscle contracts while the other muscle relaxes. However, in

Investigatory Project Essay Example for Free

Investigatory Project Essay INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study More people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But don’t you know that aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We, the researchers are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer. Of course, we know that we already have some modernized equipments, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We, the researchers already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So, we, the researchers, made some trials and errors from different raw materials to be made into a more durable chalk until to that moment that we have agreed and succeed in one of our trials, to make a chalk out of seashells. B. Statement of the Problem The price of almost all commercialized or local products continuously increasing and this is a big aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools don’t have enough support from government and this thing bring difficulties for us students. C. Significance of the Study This study opens another way for us people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable with long-lasting use that will take part in our study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in, and it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, transformed into a much useful and improved thing. D. Scope and Limitation This study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one. The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A seashell is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a test, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean the shells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla. For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strandlines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may,  after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers; these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviate of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes. B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Some people considered seashell as useless in terms of reasonable things. And because of our research, this belief will now be changed to a bright side. For us, the researchers will prove that seashells are not useless but are significant ones. C. HYPOTHESES 1.) There is significance difference between our products, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one. 2.) There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability. D. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.) Seashells – is a hard, rigid outer layer, which has evolved in a very wide variety of different animals, including mollusks, sea urchins, crustaceans, turtles and tortoises, armadillos, etc. Scientific names for this type of structureinclude exoskeleton, armour, test, carapace, and peltidium. 2.) Cassava – A shrubby tropical American plant (Manihot esculenta) widely grown for its large, tuberous, starchy roots. The root of this plant, eaten as a staple food in the tropics only after leaching and drying to remove cyanide. Cassava starch is also the source of tapioca. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Equipment and Materials Seashells Cassava Mortar and pestle Grater Oven toaster Bowl Cloth B. Procedure 1. Collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. 2. Pulverized the shells until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. 3. Grate the cassava and squeeze its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue. 4. Mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of the mixture. 5. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. 6. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used. C. Data-gathering Instrument The physical characteristics of the chalk from sea shells was observed and compared to the chalk that was commercially processed. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Data and Findings Table1. Physical Characteristics of the Chalk made from seashells. Table 1 shows the Physical characteristics of the experimental and commercial chalk. It shows that they have different characteristics in terms of hardness but are both rough in terms of its texture. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary The research was designed by crushing the seashells, which is the main source of the product, and which it can be a useful and eco-friendly product and can contribute excellently to our sobbing community. Through hard research, we, the researchers studied the characteristics of the main source, which is  seashell, and we analyzed that It can be a great specimen in our investigatory project. We have done several experiments which lead the researchers into a victorious ending in the said project. Conclusion On the experiment conducted to produce a fine product from seashell, we, the researchers discovered the characteristics of the seashells which have specific properties and structures. We discovered that it is one of the stepping stones of the success of the product in which it is commercially comparable to any commercial products that are the same with us, if there are any, in terms of quality and durability. Recommendation Through hard, decisive, several experiments, the researchers have conquered an amazing product that has a good quality. We highly recommend using our own original finished product, made from seashells, because aside from its cheapness, it is also easier to produce, eco-friendly, recyclable and has the potential to make our study easier and clearer. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.www.google.com.ph 2.www.dictionary.reference.com

Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay -- Chopin Awakening Essays

Kate Chopin's The Awakening In Kate Chopin's, The Awakening, Edna Pontellier came in contact with many different people during a summer at Grand Isle. Some had little influence on her life while others had everything to do with the way she lived the rest of her life. The influences and actions of Robert Lebrun on Edna led to her realization that she could never get what she wanted, which in turn caused her to take her own life. In the Creole culture, outward affection and expression were a common thing. Edna, being brought up in Kentucky, "was at first a little confused. . .by the Creole's gentle caress. She was not accustomed to an outward and spoken expression of affection, either in herself or in others," (Chopin 22). Robert knew that Edna was not of Creole background and that she might not take his flirting as simply that. Yet, he still continued to playfully pursue Edna like the women which he had been devoting himself to each summer for the past eleven years. He did not understand that what he was doing was wrong in the culture that Edna had been brought up with. Once, when Robert laid his head against Edna's arm, she brushed him off. He then did it again and Edna "could not but believe it to be thoughtlessness on his part; yet that was no reason she submit to it," (15). Edna was at first disturbed by Robert's actions. Because she did not know about the Creole culture, she allowed Robert to f lirt with her and she actually took him seriously. The flirting resulted in her starting to have feelings for him and to wonder about her place in life. Another thing was that Robert was not blind to the whole situation and that Edna would not understand his flirting. When Madame Ratignolle was walking back to the house with Robert, she flat out warned him about what he was doing. "Let Mrs. Pontellier alone. . .she is not one of us; she is not like us. She might make the unfortunate blunder of taking you seriously," (27). Robert argues that there is no possibility of Edna taking him seriously. That whole conversation only reiterates that Robert does not understand what he is getting Edna and himself into. Robert finally realized what was happening between Edna and him. He started to have feelings for her that he could not control. When he told everyone that he was going to Mexico for business, it was actually to get away from ... ...ike almost everyone else, Leonce also did not think that anything would come out of Robert's flirting with Edna. Leonce did not realize that Edna was not brought up in the Creole culture and would not know how to deal with the way that Robert acted. He allowed Robert and Edna to go out together without even thinking twice. He did not see anything wrong with the two of them doing everything together. Even though it was common in the Creole culture for people to openly show their feelings, Leonce should have realized that Edna, because of her different upbringings, would not know how to deal with Robert's actions. In one way or another he was the one that helped start their feeling towards each other. Although there are a few more small examples about how Leonce might have caused Edna to take her life, the influence that Robert had over her is even more overpowering. Because of Robert, Edna realized that she was not happy with who or where she was and decided to drastically change everything that she was accustomed to. If Edna Pontellier had never met Robert Lebrun, she may never have realized how unhappy she was, and, in turn, may never have chosen to end her life.

Rate Equation and Order Reaction

Top of Form 1. For the overall hypothetical reaction A + 5B —> 4C the rate of appearance of C given by may also be expressed as: A. B. C. D. 2. For the reaction 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) —> 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g), the value of -[NH3]/t = 2. 6 x 10-3 M/s at a particular time. What is the value of -[O2]/t at the same instant? A. 1. 3 x 10-2 M/s B. 2. 08 x 10-3 M/s C. 2. 6 x 10-3 M/s D. 3. 25 x 10-3 M/s E. 520 M/s 3. What is the overall order for the following reaction between acetone and iodine? The experimental rate law is rate = k [CH3COCH3] [H3O+] ) CH3COCH3(aq) + I2(aq) +H2O —> CH3COCH2I(aq) + H3O+(aq) + I-(aq) A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. 4 4. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with hydrogen (H2) according to the equation: 2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g) —> N2(g) + 2 H2O(g) The following initial rates of reaction have been measured for the given reactant concentrations. Expt. # | NO | H2 | Rate (M/hr)| 1 | 0. 010 | 0. 020 | 0. 020| 2 | 0. 015 | 0. 020 | 0. 030| 3 | 0. 010 | 0. 010 | 0. 005| Which of the following is the rate law (rate equation) for this reaction? A. rate = k[NO]2 [H2] B. rate = k[NO] [H2]2 C. rate = k[NO] [H2]4 D. ate = k[NO] [H2] E. rate = k[NO]1/2 [H2]1/4 5. A certain first order reaction A —> B is 46 % complete in 68 min at 25Â °C. What is its rate constant? A. 9. 06 x 10-3 min-1 B. 1. 14 x 10-2 min-1 C. 31 min-1 D. -1. 14 x 10-2 min-1 E. 51 min-1 6. What is the value of the rate constant for a first order reaction for which the half-life is 26. 7 min? A. 18. 5 min-1 B. 38. 5 min-1 C. 9. 25 min-1D. 19. 3 min-1 E. 0. 026 min-1 7. A reaction which is second order has a rate constant of 1. 0 x 10-3 LÂ · mol-1 Â ° sec-1. If the initial concentration of the reactant is 0. 200 M, how long will it take for the concentration to become 0. 250 M? A. 4. 0 x 104 s B. 3. 5 x 104 min C. 3. 5 x 104 s D. 8000 s E. 3. 5 x 10-2 s 8. What is the half life of the previous second order reaction? A. 200 s B. 5000 s C. 0. 005 s D. 2 x 10-4 s E. none of the above 9. For the chemical reaction A —> C, a plot of ln[A] versus time is found to give a straight line with a negative slope. What is the order of the reaction? A. third B. second C. first D. zero E. such a plot cannot reveal the order of reaction 10. What is the slope of an Arrhenius plot for the following reaction? CH3CHO(g) —> CH4(g) + CO(g) Temp (K); k (LÂ ·mol-1Â ·s-1) 700; 0. 11 730; 0. 035 790; 0. 343 A. 7. 86 x 10-2 L mol-1 s-1/K B. 2. 89 x 10-3 K C. -2. 87 x 103 K D. 3. 23 x 10-4 K E. -2. 32 x 104 K 11. The rate constant of a first order reaction is 3. 68 x 10-2 s-1 at 150Â °C. What is the rate constant at 170Â °C if the activation energy for the reaction is 71 kJ/mol? A. 9. 16 x 10-2 s-1 B. 3. 68 x 10-2 s-1 C. 10. 92 s-1 D. -4. 04 x 10-2 s-1 E. 2. 46 x 101 s-1 12. A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by A. increasing the enthalpy of the reaction B. lowering the activation energy C. raising the activation energy D. decreasing the enth alpy of the reaction 13.For the following exothermic reaction, the rate law at 298 K is: Rate = k [H2] [I2] ———– H2(g) + I2(g) –> 2 HI(g) Addition of a catalyst would effect the initial rate of the reaction by: A. increasing the rate of the forward reaction B. increasing the rate of both forward and reverse reactions C. increasing the rate of the reverse reaction D. causing no increase or decrease in the rate of reaction E. none of the above 14. If the rate of the reaction PCl5 —> PCl3 + Cl2 is increased a factor of four by doubling the concentration of PCl5, the rate law: A. depends on the concentrations of PCl3 and Cl2B. is first order with respect to PCl5 C. is second order with respect to PCl5 D. is fourth order with respect to PCl5 15.. Consider the reaction of CH3Cl with hydroxide ion CH3Cl + OH- –> CH3OH + Cl- At some temperature the following data are collected: Initial conc| rate after 1 min| [CH3Cl]| [OH-| | 0. 1 M| 0. 1 M| 1 x 10-4 mole/L| 0. 2 M| 0. 1 M| 2 x 10-4 mole/L| 0. 1 M| 0. 2 M| 2 x 10-4 mole/L| A. The reaction is first order with respect to methyl chloride B. The reaction is first order with respect to hydroxide ion C. The reaction is second order overall D. All of the above