Classification of Milk Essay Example for Free

Classification of draw EssayMilk is important for both children and adults because it is a source of minerals, calcium, protein and phosphorus. Currently, there are different kinds of take out products in the market. Here are some types of milk based on the manufacturing process -UHT Liquid Milk UHT is stands for radical High Temperature Processing or Ultra Heat Treatment. It is a way to sterilize food through to high heat process about 24 seconds at 135-140 degrees Celsius which the spores of milk is destroyed completely in that temperature. The high temperature pasteurization processes was first discovered in the 1960s by employ with the milk know as UHT milk.UHT milk stack be stored at room temperature for 6-10 months compared with pasteurized milk. UHT milk free of preservatives because the package is do in six layers to keep the milk remains in a uninspired condition within a specified period without other chemicals. -Milk Pasteurization Pasteurized milk is raw milk that passed through the heat of not little than 60 Celsius for at least 30 minutes or uses the heat of not less than 73 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds. Pasteurized milk is only lasted for 14 days if not stored in the refrigerator with a temperature of 5-7 degrees Celsius.Pasteurized milk has fresh taste and features as the natural milk. -Milk Sterilization The milk will be sterilized by high heat at 120 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes and caused the whole bacteria die but the spores will still be growing. The sterilized milk is not suitable for children because some nutrients like Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 and Vitamin C disappear during the heating process. The sterilized milk is usually packed in certain(p) metal cans so it can be kept up to 1-2 years and should be stored in the refrigerator after you open it to maintain the quality of milk.-Sweetened Condensed Milk 80 degrees Celsius warming conducted over three hours. It is condensed milk from which water has been removed and to whi ch sugar has been added. It can last for year without refrigeration if unopened. Sweetened Condensed Milk is used for cooking rather than drinking. And it contains very high sugar so it should not to use to feed the baby. -Milk Powder It is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk to dryness with a spray dryer or roller dryer is 200 degrees Celsius for two hours. The purpose of drying milk is to preserve it.It can be kept longer than the liquid milk and does not need to be refrigerated. Milk has been one of the most widely consumed foods since a long time. However, it whitethorn not be benefiting us much, or may even be harming us. This paper of the advantages and disadvantages of milk can help you decide what kind of milk is the best(p) for yourself and your family. Reference Admin (JUNE 6, 2011),Various Types of Milk Based on The Manufacturing Process. Retrieved November,17 ,2011 from http//gorgeoushealthyme. com/various-types-of-milk-based-on-the-manufacturing-proc ess/.

Philip Pirrip Essay Example for Free

Philip Pirrip EssayThe initial information that we derive from the opening diss perpetually is that, Philip Pirrip is kn birth as Pip. Both of Pips p bents have died, his tombstone, which informs us that his father has died and the inscription on this Also Georgina Wife of the Above. We immediately feel sympathy for Pip as he says I never saw my father or my mother, not even in a photograph. He does have a real acute fancy however and from the tombstone the shape of the letters on my fathers gave me an odd imagination that he was a square, st come to the fore, dark man, with curly black hair. This shows, from the slightest thing Pips imagination runs riot.Our hearts extend even more to the grief stricken Pip when we discover his five brothers are also dead, Sacred to the memory of five wee brothers of mine, we perceive him to be a helpless young male child. We soon discover that he lives with his infant, and her husband, who is a blacksmith, as he replies when asked Who dye live with, My sister, sir Mrs Joe Gargery wife of Joe Gargery, the blacksmith, sir. The forefront is asked by a fearful man Pip encounters in the graveyard whilst ensureing the graves of his deceased family. Dickens presents this man in a very explicit manner, this is to contrast the two characters. A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and steamed by nettles, and torn by briars who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. Pip pleads in terror pray, he is scared for his own safety, willingly he replies to any questions the man, a convict, poses to him. Dickens explicitly expresses Pips worry I was frightened again.We realise Pips sister is twenty years older and once more we feel for Pip, she had bo ught me up by hand. Pip finds homage from his terrible start in life and his clash with the convict in Joe Gargery, his sisters husband, who Pip says was a fair man, he was a mild, good natured, sweet tempered, easy overtaking dear fellow. In look this he indicates to us his fondness of him. Dickens conveys the idea of his rough mistreatment by his sister, he reiterates the harshness of her care for Pip, by throwing me, and shes been on the rampage.Although Pip is young, he still has underminding values and estimations, the guilty knowledge that I was going to rob Mrs Joe. He is always asking questions showing he is inquisitive. We also find out he is to be apprenticed to Joe showing his future appears mapped out and following a set route.The character of Pip before his visit to deteriorate Havisham is one of admiration and security. Joe perceives Pip to be wonderful, what a scholar you are He shows admiration for Pip, he is proud of his achievements, I should like to be. Pip i n turn admires Joe. When I m pren gtd 2 u Jo wot larx. Showing hes smell forward to working with Joe.Joe and Pip are friends, Pip realises the goodness of Joe, Young as I was, I believe that I dated a newfangled admiration of Joe from that night. We were equals, as we had been before I had a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart, this shows Pips growing maturity, he sees and appreciates his relationship with Joe. Dickens portrays Joe as a loving, caring minder for Pip, and bring the poor little child. God bless the poor little child, and by saying that theres room for him at the forge Joe shows he has Pips best interests at heart.The crucial tour point and change in Pips character occurs during chapter 8 when Pip visits Miss Havishams. His initial reaction to Satis House, Miss Havishams residence, is one of apprehension, he doesnt think it looks friendly, old brick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it. After his view of the sign aling his outlook of the forthcoming acquaintance with Miss Havisham looks bleak. Pip is very shy when he meets Estella, he sees her as above him as his use of the term conductress shows.The meeting with Miss Havisham devastates the young happy Pip.Pip is told what to do by Miss Havisham let me see you play cards, to which Estella replies why, he is a common labouring boy which hurts Pip, he feels upset at the scornful remark. Miss Havisham herself is cruel, she appears to enjoy making fun of Pip, she asks him what he thinks of Estella which causes Pip great discomfort, I dont like to say.Estella is constantly tormenting Pip, the turning point is when she exclaims he calls the knaves, Jacks, this boy Adding and what coarse hands he has And what thick boots Pip feels ashamed, he reflects immediately on Estellas hurtful remarks I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair. He relays his true emotions I was so humiliated, hurt, spurned, offended, angry, sorry, tears started to my eyes which shows he has clearly been affected by these remarks. Pips immediate angry reaction is to blame Joe for his upbringing, he determined to ask Joe why he had ever taught me to call those picture cards, Jacks. He wishes Joe had been rather more genteelly brought up, and then I should have been so too. This shows he wishes he could have an education.Pip sums up his meeting with Miss Havesham, I had seen, and deeply revolving that I was a common labouring boy that my hands were coarse that my boots were thick that I had fallen into a despicable habit of calling Knaves, Jacks that I was much more ignorant than I had considered myself last night, and generally that I was in a low-lived knotty way. The quote shows Pips new outlook towards himself, and his new considered view of his image. Dickens uses the word despicable, this represents how Pip feels about himself at the present moment in time.After the visit to Miss H aveshams, Pip returns back home, the visit has greatly affected his self-esteem, bringing the character of Pip forward in a new light. Pip lies to his sister and Mr Pumblechook, about the dealings of his visit, I felt convinced that if I describes Miss Havesham as my eyes had seen it, I should not be understood. Showing Pip finds it easier to lie, than to strikingness the truth about Estella and Miss Havesham. He doesnt want his sister not Mr Pumblechook, to find out the truth, I said as little as I could. Showing he has no intention of revealing anything about his encounter.

Research on Mental States of Non-Human Animals

Research on Mental States of Non-Human AnimalsTo what extent does research support the claim that non-human animals, particular chimpanzees, have human-like go finisheding of mental states?In the fail three decades, cognitive approaches to the study of animal behaviour have attracted increasing research attention. Much of this interest has concentrated on social cognition and whether animals deduce the mental states of former(a)s in the identical way humans do. In an attempt to address this point research has predominately foc wasting diseased on non-human primates (hereafter primates), especially chimpanzees. This popularity is credibly owing to chimpanzees evolutionary relatedness to humans, which is the closest of all the primate species and therefore increases the likelihood that they might share human cognitive abilities.Human mental states are a suite of cognitive abilities which deed over us to understand differents psychological states. One example is theory of mind ( gobbler) which is the ability to understand that other individuals have beliefs and that such(prenominal) beliefs can be different from your own. This is illustrated by the Smarties Test in which an individual is shown a subway system of smarties and asked what they think is inside the tube, they rectifyly infer smarties however when the tube is opened it is revealed that the tube contains altogether pencils. The individual is then asked what other nave person would answer if given the same test. If the individual has a ToM they should understand that the nave individual will have a chimerical belief approximately the tubes contents and therefore answer in the same way, i.e., smarties. Research shows that children under the age of 4 years have not fully developed a ToM and invariably fail the smarties test whereas children higher up this age pass the test.Experiments conducted on primates have shown little demonstrate that they have a ToM. For example, visit and Tomasello (1999) tested chimpanzees, orangutans and children with a non-verbal false belief labor movement. The task involved a series of finding games in which a reward was isolated in unmatched of two identical containers by an adult (the hider), and another adult, who had witnessed the hiding process (the communicator), placed a token on the baited container which acted as a marker to indicate to the subject where the regimen was hidden. The subjects learnt to use the marker to regain the reward and ignore the marker when they knew it to be incorrect (during visible displacement trials). In the crucial false belief trials, the communicator watched the baiting of the container and then left the subject field and during the communicators absence the hider swapped the location of the containers. When the communicator returned she placed the marker on the container in the location she had seen the reward macrocosm hidden, which was incorrect, and therefore the communicator had a false b elief about where the reward was hidden. To show an understanding of this belief the subjects would have to choose the container which the communicator did not place the marker on. The imports showed that children chose the correct location of the reward demonstrating their understanding of the communicators false belief whereas n maven of the apes succeeded in choosing the correct location demonstrating their lack of false belief understanding. Other studies have in any case failed to find curtilage of ToM in primates (for review see Povinelli 2004) and many now think that language is needed for the development of ToM which seems to have led researchers away from studying ToM in primates and other species of animals.Another mental state that has received much research attention is intentionally. Intentionally can be defined as understanding the behaviours of other as intentional, goal directed activities. The first study to address this issue was conducted by Premack and Woodruf f (1978). They presented Sarah with videotaped sequences of a human actor in several problem-solving situations that were familiar to Sarah. For example, the actor was depicted looking up toward an out-of-reach banana hanging from the ceiling, or attempting to operate a hose that was unattached to a tap. afterward Sarah had viewed each problem, she was shown a pair of photographs, one of which depicted the solution to the problem. For instance, in the out-of-reach banana situation, the solution consisted of the actor moving a box under the banana. Overall, Sarah performed rise up on these tasks from the beginning but Savage-Rumbaugh et al (1978) pointed out that Sarah might have been choosing alternatives based on the simple associations among objects formed from her experiences with care take a shitrs and their behaviour with test items, such hoses and taps. Savage-Rumbaugh et al (1978) analysed each item Sarah was presented with and found that, overall, items for which such asso ciative procedures were most straight introductory were the ones on which Sarah performed best. In addition, Savage-Rumbaugh et al (1978) presented two language-trained chimpanzees with a matching-to-sample task in which the chimpanzees were shown, for example, a picture of a key and asked to select between pictures of a box and a padlock. Both chimpanzees performed well above chance in this task and selected the correct alternative in the majority of trials. These results therefore provided an alternative explanation to that of understanding of intention in others.Other research on chimpanzees understanding of intentions has produced mixed results. Povinelli et al (1998), for example, tested six chimpanzees who could choose to point to one of two caretakers to provide them with a cup of juice. However, prior to the choice the apes had experience of the caretakers behaviour in which one caretaker would accidentally hold the drink on the floor and the other would purposely empty th e cup of juice on the floor. The authors reasoned that an understanding of the intentionally of the caretakers would result in the apes choosing the caretaker to provide them with juice who had previously acted with good intention but accidentally spilled the drink. The results showed that the apes made no preference for the clumsy caretaker indicating that the apes were unable to understand the experimenters intentions. However, Call and Tomasello (2004) argue that there was no motivation to choose between the two caretakers because whomever they chose they would receive no juice. This possibility can be tested by repeat the experiment and allowing the caretakers to sometimes drop or purposely spill the drink on some trials but not on others. This would allow the apes to receive juice in some of the trials e.g., 50%, and therefore raise the apes motivation whilst maintaining the essence of the experiment.In contrast to the Povinelli et als (1998) study, Call et al (2004) found evid ence that chimpanzees do show understanding of intentional behaviour in humans. The authors conducted an unwilling and unable test in which an experimenter would feed an ape a grape through a hole in the Plexiglas window. On some trials the ape would not receive the grape from the experimenter who in one condition would accidentally drop the grape and in a second condition would tease the ape by repeatedly pulling the grape back from the hole. When the apes behaviour was analysed it was found that they behaved differently in the two conditions. When the grapes were accidentally dropped the ape remained in the room longer than when the experimenter teased the ape. Moreover, during the teasing condition the apes often showed frustrated behaviour, such as spit out and punching the plexi-glass panel. The authors suggest this demonstrates the apes understanding of the experimenters intentions of macrocosm unable to give the grape in one condition and unwilling to give the grape in the other condition. However, it would be interesting to know exactly how the teasing behaviour was executed by the experimenter. For example, if the experimenter used loud vocalisations in the teasing condition but not in the clumsy condition it is possible the apes were just reacting to this rather than the experimenters intention.Knowing what others can see is another mental state humans accept and one that chimpanzees have shown evidence in possessing. For example, Hare et al (2001) used a competitive paradigm to test whether a conquer chimpanzee would take into account how a dominant rival would behave depending if the rival had seen food being baited behind a barrier. The two chimpanzees faced each other across an ape enclosure which had one barrier in the middle of the enclosure. An experimenter hid one piece behind the barrier (on the subordinates side) and one piece in the open. In some conditions the dominant saw the reward being placed behind the barrier and in other cond itions did not see the food being placed there. After the baiting procedure the subordinate and dominant were then allowed access to rewards. When the subordinate had observed that the dominant had not seen the food being hidden behind the barrier the subordinate would approach the food behind the barrier leaving the dominant to retrieve the reward that was out in the open. However, when the dominant had seen the food placed behind the barrier the subordinate showed no preference for the food behind the barrier. In a follow-up study Hare et al (2001) prolonged these findings by repeating the experiment but in some conditions the dominant was switched (after seeing the food being hidden) with another dominant who had not seen the food being hidden. The results showed that the subordinate approached the reward placed behind the barrier more often when the dominant had been switched with the nave dominant and the authors suggest that this demonstrates chimpanzees can predict who had s een what. In addition, a control condition ruled out the possibility that the subordinate was acting on simple rules such as preferring food lying close to the barriers. For example, when the turbid barrier was replaced by a transparent barrier, so that the dominant would see the reward even when he had not seen the food being placed there, the subordinates preference for the food behind the barrier disappeared.Although the above two studies seem to show that chimpanzees understand what others see, several researchers suggest that chimpanzees are using simpler mechanisms to exploit the task. Karin-DArcy and Povinelli (2002), for example, argue that subordinate chimpanzees might simple prefer food that is next to barriers as this provides some safety from attack by the dominant. The authors repeated Hare et als 2002 study and found that subordinate chimpanzees preferred food next to the barrier even when both chimpanzees could see both pieces of food (the barrier was positioned ver tically in relation to both chimpanzees). In addition, Povinelli and Vonk (2003) argue that even if the chimpanzees did not have a preference per se for the barriers in Hare et als 2002 studies the chimpanzees can understand which food the dominant will be believably to go for without evoking any mental states. For example, behavioural abstraction taken from previous experiences of connatural interactions can be used to predict the dominants behaviour. This can occur if the subordinate understands that when the dominant is facing the food the dominant will go towards that food, so use the rule don not go for the food if the dominant is orientated toward the food. Povinelli and Vonk (2003) further argue that experiments testing mental states in animals will only be of value if the possibility of behavioural abstraction is removed from the experimental equation. The authors therefore advocate that mental attribution can only be tested in chimpanzees and other animals by showing evid ence of an individual extrapolating its own experiences to the mental states of others, a theory first put forward by Heyes (1998). Povinelli and Vonk (2003) suggest the following as a suitable experiment to address Heyes (1998) idea. First, allow an ape to interact with two buckets, one red and one shadowy. The red bucket is placed over the apes head and the ape can clearly see its surroundings through the bucket, however when the sullen bucket is placed over the apes head he can see nothing. Now if the ape is confronted with two experimenters, one wearing the black bucket over her head and the other the red bucket over her head, and the ape begs for food only from the experimenter wearing the red bucket then it is likely that the ape is using mental attribution as the only experience the ape has had of the buckets is through its own experience. Povinelli and Vonk (2003) argue that experiments of this nature can provide evidence of mental states and rule out alternative interpret ations such as behavioural abstractions.ConclusionThe mental states of humans include a suite of cognitive functions which allow us to understand others knowledge and beliefs such as theory of mind and intentionally. Many argue that only humans have these types of mental states and other animals use lower cognitive functions based on learning and experience, such as behavioural abstractions. However, there is increasing evidence that other animals, especially chimpanzees, might also have human-like mental states, such as understanding intentions and understanding the relationship between seeing and knowing. One major caveat, however, is, to date, the most convincing research on chimpanzees mental states can not distinguish if the chimpanzees actions are based on human-like mental states or based on mechanisms not involving mental attribution such as behavioural abstractions. What is therefore needed is further research which can distinguish between these two possibilities and theref ore increase our understanding of the psychological abilities of chimpanzees and other animals.ReferencesCall, J., Tomasello, M.(1999) A nonverbal theory of mind test. The performance of children and apes. Child Development, 70, 381-395Call, J., Hare, B., Carpenter, M., Tomasello (2004) Unwilling or unable Chimapnzees understanding of human intentional action. Developmental Science, 7, 488-498Hare,B., Call, J., Agnetta, B., Tomasello, M.(2000) Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Animal Behaviour, 59, 771-785.Hare,B., Call, J., Tomasello, M.(2001). Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know? Animal Behaviour, 61, 139-151.Heyes,CM (1998). Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioural and BrainSciences, 21, 101-148.Povinelli, D.J., Perilloux, H.K., Reaux, J.E. Bierschwale, D.T. (1998) Young and adolescent chimpanzees reactions to intentional versus accidental and inadvertent actions. Behavioural Processes, 42, 205-218Povinelli, D.J. (2004) Behind the apes appea rance escaping anthropocentrism in the study of other minds. Dadalus 29-41Povinelli, D. J., Giambrone, S. (2001). Reasoning about beliefs A human specialization? Child Development, 72, 691-695.Povinelli, D.J. Vonk, J. (2003) Chimpanzees minds Suspiciously human? Trendsin Cognitive Sciences, 7, 157-160.Povinelli, D.J. Vonk, J. (2004). We dont need a microscope to explore the chimpanzee mind. Mind and Language, 19, 1-28.Tomasello, M., Call, J., and Hare, B. (2003b). Chimpanzees understandpsychological states- the question is which ones and to what extent. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 153-156.Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., Rumbaugh, D.M., Boysen, S.T. (1978). Sarahs problems in comprehension. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 555-557.

Is Social Trust a Cause for Civic Disengagement?

Is Social Trust a Cause for Civic Disengagement?Is mixer sureness a cause for civic disengagement in the last few decades?Research questionIn the last few decades since the Post War period, in that location has been a sharp decline in civic engagement in world democracies. Civic disengagement is mostly reflected in low levels of electoral turnout, low volunteering application, low levels of accessible chief city and fond dedicate.This look focuses on low levels of companionable sureness as a crucial cause for low civic engagement. Social trust refers to the level of trust all(prenominal) individual has towards former(a) individuals in a confederacy, organizations and authorities inside a community. Levels of loving trust argon much associated with levels of genial capital. Social capital is the net profit of congenerships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. The decline in friendly capital erodes civic participation, neutral trust, social and political trust.This research will base its literature review upon twain different theoretical arguments one opening based on Robert Putnam, Dietlind Stolle et al., solicit that the main cause for low social trust levels rests on social diversity and that to a greater extent homogenous communities have higher levels of social trust which in turn leads to more social capital. Whereas Natalia Letki develops a counterargument in which refers to social deprivation being the main cause for low levels of social trust but as yet it is neglected by many analysts which primarily focus on ethnic diversity. Based on the methodology, the research will conclude whether to convey the working hypotheses and close out null hypothesis and decide which theoretical argument fits better based on the results.The topic raised by this research is of great significance as the rise of civic disengagement is a problematic evidence in world societies that needs to be addressed and be given importance. The absence of social trust causes setbacks to social cooperation, civic activity and creates individuality and social divisions in a community. This research attempts to raise aw arness by analysing these problems and provide a serial of solutions that could be used to boost higher levels of social trust in a community in order to enlarge civic engagement.Literature reviewSocial trust is strongly associated with many other forms of civic engagement and social capital people who trust their fellow citizens volunteer more often, make more to charity, are more engaged and participate more often in community organizations, serve more readily on juries, comply more fully with their tax obligations, are more tolerant of minority views and display many other forms of civic virtue (Putnam , 2000, p. 136).The issue of diversity in relation to trust is widely discussed surrounded by political analysts. Robert Putnam, Dietlind Stolle et al., argue that social and all elements of social capital are unlikely to happen in multi-ethnic community as neighbourhoods, regions or states with more ethnic, racial experience substantially low levels of social capital and cooperation which hinder collective action and social welfare. According to Putnam trust should prosper in homogenous settings and suffer when faced with heterogeneity. Trust bring inms easier to develop when we are familiar with the people around us, and particularly when they appear similar to ourselves (Stolle , et al., 2008, p. 58). This theory argues that ethnic and racial differences discourage reliance on the behaviour of ones neighbours, friends and colleagues, thereby reducing levels of interpersonal trust, the capacity for cooperation and support for collective action.On the other hand Natalia Letki, counter argues that the main factor undermining all types of interactions and domineering attitudes among neighbours is low-socio economic status as oppos ed to ethnic diversity. She further develops that many analysts often combine ethnic diversity with social deprivation which leads them to cause a direct correlation mingled with ethnic diversity and low levels of social capital deprivation is the major factor eroding community relations and negatively tinting ethnic diversity due to correlation of ethnic diversity and social deprivation (Letkin, 2008, p. 101). She agrees with Putnams theory that diversity may well have a negative effect on individuals propensity to interact with fellow neighbours however, one time the interaction takes place, its effect is positive the attitudes of racial hostility, distrust and prejudice are overcome and an individual becomes more favourable towards other people in general (Letkin, 2008, p. 105). According to her, common principles and shared values can to a fault be founded in multi-ethnic, multi-faith and multi-cultural societies (Letkin, 2008, p. 103).HypothesesAs for this multivariate analys is, the main dependent variable of the model time-tested in this research is neighbourhood social trust, which is regressed at the individual level on social volunteering, ethnic diversity, social deprivation, education and age.This research hypothesises that low social trust levels are mainly affected by social deprivation rather than ethnic diversity, therefore supporting the theoretical argument from Natalia Letki. It also hypothesises that the ethnic diversity can also have a significant dissemble on social trust level in a short border period, but it is unlikely that this variable will continue to have a significant impact in the long run once the interaction amongst diverse ethnicities takes place, its effect is positive the attitudes of racial hostility and prejudice are overcome, and an individual becomes more favourable towards other people in general, increasing levels of social trust.Therefore, the association between ethnic diversity and social trust is a spurious as sociation. In a spurious association, the confounding variable acts as composite in the true relationship between two variables. The confounding variable in this case is ethnic diversity (X variable) which has a direct relationship with social trust (Y variable), however, because social deprivation (Z variable) is also considered, the significance of the direct relationship between ethnic diversity and social trust disappears. Therefore the association between ethnic diversity (variable X) and social trust (variable Y) is due to both of them being influenced by class deprivation (variable Z) as illustrated in figure 1.MethodologyTo resolution this research question it is necessary to use statistical data to support the argument. The raw data supplied is from SPSS statistics which this research will work with. The table below shows the data results accounted for each variable in the model. Data results were coded from respondents which were asked how much they are likely to trust an individual based on nine different variables in the model. acknowledge that only the most important/significant variables are illustrated graphically.Volunteering measures social capital levels. Its P-value is smaller than 0.05 and therefore, we reject the null hypothesis as there is an association between social trust and social capital controlling for all other variables in model. The association is positive as B coefficient is 0.492 and this means that as volunteering levels increase social trust is also increasing. This positive relationship is illustrated graphically in figure 2 and through the heel over of the line of best fit, it is possible to see the type of relationship between the dependent and independent variables.Ethnicity-white, measures the white population density where respondents live in relation to social trust. P-value is bigger than 0.05 and so we accept the null hypothesis as there is no association between white ethnic density and social trust when we co ntrol for all other variables in the model.Social deprivation is measured through social class and professional occupation. P-value is less than 0.05 and so the null hypothesis is rejected as there is an association between social deprivation and social trust when we control for all other variables in the model. The relationship is positive as B coefficient is 0.40 consequence that as the levels of social status increase, social trust also increases. This is graphically illustrated in figure 4, as the slope of the line is upwards.Ethnicity measures the ethnicity of the respondent against social trust. It is a dummy variable 0= white, 1= ethnic minority. Its P-value is less than 0.05 and the relationship is negative as B coefficient is -0.548. We reject the null hypothesis as the there is an association when we control these two variables in the model. This is graphically illustrated in figure 5.Graduate measures the level of education against social trust. Its P-value is smaller 0. 05 and there is a positive association between the two variables when we control the two variables in the model as B coefficient is 0.775. This means that as number of graduates increase social trust levels will also increase. This is graphically illustrated in figure 6 through the slope of the line of best fit.The P-value is smaller than 0.05 when age and social trust are measured. There is a positive association when we control both variables in the model as B value is 0.21. As age increases social trust also increases and this is graphically illustrated in figure 7 through the slope of the line of best fit.ConclusionTo conclude this research, it is important to link the results from the data with the two distinct theoretical arguments from Putnam, Stolle et al. Based on the results, it is more plausible to accept Letkis argument in which social deprivation has a bigger impact on social trust levels than ethnic diversity. The B coefficient for social deprivation is 0.40 and 0.004 for white ethnic density when both are measured against social trust. The slope of the line is more positive for social deprivation meaning that the higher the levels of social status the higher impact it has on social trust levels, if social status decrease then social trust will immediately decrease. Therefore we agree with the argument Letki makes on social inequality affecting social gluiness Individual-level deprivation, regardless of ones ethnic background, limits opportunities to participate in social life and exercise civic rights and neighbourhood deprivation is associated with poor backup conditions and disorder (Letkin, 2008, p. 101).It is also important to name a few solutions that could be used to increase social trust levels in a community. Firstly, we need to disseminate people to engage. Mobilisation is a very consistent influence on civic engagement. People who are asked to undertake a particular action are more likely to be civically active than those who are no t, particularly if they are asked by a close acquaintance. Therefore, people respond most readily to requests from friends and family. only if failing that, they are also responsive to requests from more distant acquaintances better to be asked than not to be asked at all (Pattie, et al., 2003, p. 461). Also people also need to be persuaded to take more actions inside a community, as Putnam suggests it seems that encouraging people to join clubs, societies and voluntary organisations helps engender some form of civic action. Social trust is often emerged through collective activism, as individuals interact more with each other in any kind of social activity they become more familiar and confident with the surroundings and other individuals around them.BibliographyHalperin , S. Heath, O., (2012) Political Research Methods and Pratical Skills. 1st ed. New York Oxford University Press.Letkin, N., (2008) Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social capital and Race in British neighbo urhoods. Political studies , 56(1), pp. 99-121.Pattie, C., Seyd, P. Whiteley, P., (2003) Citizenship ad Civic Engagement Attitudes and Behaviour in Britain. Political Studies, 51(3), pp. 443-466.Putnam , R., (2000) Bowling Alone The split up and revival of American community. 1st ed. New York Simon Schuster Paperbacks.Stolle , D., Soroka, S. Johnston, R., (2008) When Does Diversity Rrode Trust? Neighbourhood Diversity, Interperonal Trust and Mediating Effect of Social Interaction. Poltiical Studies, 56(1st), pp. 56-71.1

Comparison Of Olympic And Paralympic Games

Comparison Of Olympic And Paralympic GamesCommonwealth, World Cup, English Premier League argon sports event that is very popular. in any case all those events, the Olympics and Paralympics be one of the most well-known sporting events in the world now. Everybody knows about Olympics and Paralympics.The background of Olympics is founded by a young Frenchmen named Pierre de Coubertin. In 1890, he organized and founded a sports com prospect, Union des Socits Francaises de Sports Athltiques (USFSA). Two years later, Coubertin first pitched his idea to revive the Olympic Games. (Jennifer Rosenberg 2010) similarly that, the background of Paralympics is the first Paralympics Games were held in Rome, Italy, in 1960 and involved 400 athletes from 23 countries. Originally except wheelchair athletes were invited to compete. Since that time, the Paralympics Games have grown dramatically. (History of the Paralympics Movement, online)Both the Olympics and Paralympics have some elicit similar ities and differences in terms o the criteria, time of event, games cont overthrow, rules of games and electric charge and vision.Both athletes in the Olympics and Paralympics need to be theme players of their own countries and meet the requirements set by the Olympics organization in order to participate in these events. However, besides this basic requirement, both the Olympics and Paralympics have other requirements that are very different.For the Olympics, qualified athlete essential at least meet the minimum requirement set by the Olympics organization in order to participate in the Olympics game, which is at least a field of study athlete. And they are all usually train in the young age. For example, Gymnastics and other acrobatic events, kids as young as 4 can be selected for elite programs to prepare for the Olympics game. However, sports like wrestling or ro attractg, adults bodies are necessitate to really excel, so intense training usually starts around high school. . (10 stairs to Become an Olympic Athlete 2010, online)Youth athletes require a lot of intense training all the time, and competing with all the junior level, year around. And for the athletes who are striking will go on to careers as adults and represent their country and take part in Olympics game.Eventually, athletes that perform the best track time from their own country, or got titles in the junior level, or got the best records among all the college or universities, etc may qualify for entrance into the Olympic trials. And lastly, if they place high enough in the trial, they may be selected for the police squad. Furthermore, Olympics game is open to all age. The oldest Olympic medalist was 72 years old.For Paralympics instead, in order to participate in Paralympics, according to Paralympic Game 2010, online, athletes must be with disabilities such as, cerebral palsy, spinal injuries, amputated limbs, visual impairments or some other mobility disability. And that is the only requirement that required entering in Paralympics game. Athletes that participate in Paralympics with disability merely do non interfere with their ability to participate in the game are all welcome to join the Paralympics game.Paralympics competitors are sort out based on their level of disability during the game. And all the participants must learn the requirements, the rules and regulations and also the classification before the game.As usual, they are all selected in the national game before they participate in the Paralympics game. Thus, from the criteria above, these are the differences surrounded by these two events. And these are the different criteria of these two major sports games.2.2 Time of eventOlympics game is a major event which held either 4 years. However it is classified into 2 groups which are overwinter game and summer game. Therefore, in another word, it is held every 2 years just now 4 years within their respective games. For example, in the year of 20 04, summer Olympics game was held in Athens, Greece. In the year of 2008, it was held in Beijing, China. For winter Olympic game, in the year of 2006, it was held in Turin, Italy. And in the year of 2010, winter Olympic game was held in Vancouver, Canada. (Jennifer Rosenberg 2010)As you can see from the example, Olympics game was held every 2 years. However, many of us only concern on the summer Olympics games still not the winter Olympics games.For Paralympics, it is also the resembling as Olympics game. And it usually held direct after the Olympic game.2. 3 Games PlayedThere are many different kinds of games played in Olympics and Paralympics. Some of the games played are the same but just different ways of playing. The similarities of games played for Olympics and Paralympics is it is categorize as summer and winter games.As an example, the last Olympics which is 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, there were a broad(a) of 28 summer sports. For Olympics Summer Games, cate gorized sports played on land and water sports. For sports played on land, there is archery, athletics, badminton, basketball, boxing, cycling, fencing, football game, handball, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, weightlifting, wrestling, judo, handball, and taekwondo. For water sports, there are swimming, diving, sailing, water polo, synchronized swimming. (Olympics Sports List 2007, online)Paralympics has also the games played in Olympics but the difference is the way of playing. For example instead of basketball, it is wheelchair basketball. Therefore, for Summer Sports Paralympics are archery, athletics, boccia, bowls, cycling, equestrian, football 5-a-Side, football 7-a-Side, goalball, Judo, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, volleyball, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair dance sport, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair rugby and wheelchair tennis.Moreover, for winter Olympics games, it is categorized in a few categories which is Ice Sports, Alpine, Skii ng and Snowboarding Events and Nordic Events. On the other side, Paralympics have only four winter sports which is alpine skiing, ice sledge hockey, nordic skiing, and wheelchair curling. There are only two winter sports which is similar, another two is not played in Olympics winter games.In conclusion, Olympics and Paralympics sports have summer and winter games. Some of the games played are the same but different ways of playing.2.4 Rules of SportsThere are many kinds of sports in Olympics and Paralympics. Every sport has their own rules. There is a few reasons that why the rules are set. The first reason is to involve sure that the rivalry between the athletes must be fair. other reason is to make sure that no drugs are taken and cheating during the competition. All the rules must be followed by all the athletes strictly. There are a few examples of the rules of sports played in Olympics and Paralympics. Below are the examples of the rules of 3 similar games played in Olympics and Paralympics. Although the games are the same but the rules is different.2.4.1 BasketballFor Olympics, the first sport is basketball. In basketball, there are four quarters in each game. There are 10 proceedings per quarter for the four quarters. After the second quarter, there is a half time break. The half time break lasts 15 minutes long. By the stamp out of the quarter, the name of both teams are the same, there will be overtime. This overtime period is an extra period that lasts for 5 minutes. Besides that, in Olympic basketball, the ref can awards two foul shots to a fouled player if the team committing the foul has more than four fouls in the period. (Rules 2007, Online)For basketball in Paralympics, a player can wheel the chair and bounce the ball, if the ball is picked up and placed on the players lap, the player is only allowed to push twice before they shoot, pass or dribble the ball again. Besides that, a player lifting his or her legs to gain an advantage is give n a technical foul. On an inbounds play, the offensive player is not allowed to go into the key land until the ball is handed to the bounding player by the referee. (Wheelchair Basketball Rules 2005, online)2.4.2 RugbyFor Olympics, is rugby. In rugby, a player is allowed to carry, pass, kick and ground to score a point for the team. Rugby is also called as an end-zone invasion game. It means that each team focuses on gaining possession of the ball, taking it into the opponents territory, and placing it in the goal area or the end zone to get the score. There are two categories of players. First one is forwards which inhabit of 8 players and the second one is backs which consist of 7 players.( Basic Rules of Rugby, online)For Paralympics, is wheelchair rugby, it is played by two teams of up to 12 players. Only 4 players from each team may be on the salute at any time. For this game, girls and boys can be in the same team to play a game. The court of the wheelchair rugby is 28 mete rs long and 15 meters wide. The required court markings are a centre line and circle, a key area measuring 8 meters wide and 1.75 meters deep at each end of the court. The goal line is the section of the end line within the key. Players score by carrying the ball across the line. ( IWRF, online)2.4.3 VolleyballThe third sport is volleyball. For volleyball, a team scores a point by grounding the ball on the opposite side of the court. In order to win the game, the team must win three sets of 25 points. Besides that, the four types of sanctions in volleyball. The first one is warning, second one is penalty, third one is expulsion and the last one is disqualified. Another common rule is the blocking rule. Blocking is when a team player attempts to reach higher than the net to intercept a ball, however as a rule only those players on the front line can attempt this play. Otherwise, there will be a penalty.( Volleyball Basic Rules, online)For sitting volleyball, the position of each play er is determined and controlled by the position of their bottoms. Their hands and legs may lie in the attack or free zone outside the court. The referees in sitting volleyball must stand to the sides of the court because of the height of the net and the players are in seated position. The referees official hand signal is raising the upper hand and forearm positioned parallel to the floor and mirror imaging the lower hand and forearm.2. 5 Mission and Vision of Olympics and ParalympicsEvery Olympics and Paralympics, the missions and vision is different. As a example, the mission and vision for Beijing Olympics is One World, One Dream. This mission and vision is to make the whole world to have the same target and same dream, in order to achieve the target and dream, they have to work together as one. This mission and vision is also use to motivate those athletes to work as bad as they can to achieve their target. (Beijing 2008, Online)For Paralympics, the mission and vision was To En able Paralympics Athletes to Achieve Sporting Excellence and Inspire and Excite the World. This mission and vision is to make those quite a little who have a disable to gain their confident in doing stuffs. Some of the people who have a disable will give up because of what they are, so they will need this motivation to have their confident back so that they wont feel that they are useless. (Vision Mission Values 2010, Online)For this coming Olympics and Paralympics in 2012, the mission and vision is to stage inspiration Olympics Games and Paralympics Games that capture the imagination of young people around the world and leave a lasting legacy. This mission and vision is to make the new generation to last the sports spirit. (London 2012 Vision for the Olympics 2010, Online)3.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, after comparing and contrast of the criteria, time of event, games played, rules of games and mission and vision of Olympics and Paralympics, there are similarities and differences be tween Olympics and Paralympics. For the criteria, Olympics and Paralympics has different criteria to achieve. Besides that, for the time for event is held is similar but the only difference is Paralympics is held only after Olympics. For the games played, there are some games is that same sports but just different ways of playing and the similarities is that both Olympics and Paralympics have summer and winter games. Moreover, the rules of the games are totally different although the game is the same. Finally, although both of these events is different but the mission and vision of these events is similar.Olympics and Paralympics are events that challenge athletes all around the world, able-bodied and disabled alike. It is truly an event that helps to ensure personal confidents, dignity and also countries name.

An Analysis of Uncle Toms Cabin Essay -- Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

An Analysis of Uncle Toms Cabin           The book, Uncle Toms Cabin, is thought of as a fantastic, even fanatic, representation of Southern life, most memorable for its emotional oversimplification of the complexities of the slave system, says Gossett (4).  Harriet Beecher Stowe describes her give experiences or ones that she has witnessed in the past through the text in her novel.  She grew up in Cincinnati where she had a very shut up look at slavery.  Located on the Ohio River across from the slave state of Kentucky, the city was filled with former slaves and slaveholders.  In conversation with black women who influenceed as servants in her home, Stowe heard many stories of slave life that found their way into the book.  Some of the novel was based on her reading of abolitionist books and pamphlets, the rest came straight from her own observations of black Cincinnatians with personal experience of slavery. She uses the characters to represent popular ideas of her time, a time when slavery was the biggest issue that people were dealing with.  Uncle Toms Cabin was an unexpected factor in the dispute between the North and South. The book sold more than 300,000 copies during the first year of publication, taking thousands of people, even our nations leaders, by surprise.         Mr. Shelby is a Kentucky plantation owner who is forced by debt to sell two of his slaves to a trader named Haley.  Uncle Tom, the manager of the plantation, understands why he must be sold. The other slave marked for sale is Harry, a four-year-old.  His mother, Mrs. Shelbys servant, ... ...ies to wage her own battle.  Eva serenely fades into death, but her presence and her dreams survive in her father and in the reader of the novel.         It is doubtful if a book was ever write that attained such popularity in so short a time as did Harriet Bee cher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin.  The thrilling story was eagerly read by rich and poor, by the educated and uneducated, eliciting from one and all heartfelt sympathy for the poor and abused negro of the south,(Donovan 74).  It was, indeed, a veritable bombshell to slaveholders, who felt that such a work should be dangerous to the existence of slavery.  They had a good cause to fear it too, for its timely appearance was undoubtedly the means of turning the tide of public tactile sensation against the abominable curse of slavery(Cass 35).

Internet - We Must Put an End to Virtual Rape :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

We Must Put an End to Virtual Rape   whatever unwanted sexual act is a crime of violence (Victims Information, 1998). Do you believe that? When referring that quote to rape, it almost sounds like a broad definition of it. yet what about practical(prenominal) rape? Does an unwanted sexual encounter on computers also count for a crime of violence? This is an important question for our social club today to address for the simple fact that technology is the wave of our future and as our world becomes increasingly intertwined with the virtual world, we need to be prepared for the problems that our new-sprung(prenominal) virtual world might present. For me, as for many others, rape is definitely a much more serious and dangerous encounter than virtual rape. moreover all the same, virtual rape should not be dismissed for the effects it has on the people involved. I am going to present to you three primary(prenominal) points. First, Im going to define virtual rape by ta king you through one of the most well known cases that actually occurred in the virtual world. Second, I will define rape in our world. Third and finally, I will take you through some of the different issues that are brought up while discussing virtual rape versus real rape.   Well start off with my first point of what is virtual rape? They say he raped them that night (Vitanza, 448) is the beginning of an intriguing story, A Rape in Cyberspace, in which the author, Julian Dibbell, answers that very question. With the horrifying tale of Mr. Bungle and his victims, legba and Starsinger, Dibbell reiterates the events that took place on the LambdaMOO on that Monday night in March. The LambdaMOO is a MUD, which is con for multi-user dungeons. According to a journal article in Macleans, MUDs are virtual communities, little universes that exist only on the Internet. Users from around the world can opening the host program, which allows them to assume an identity and deve lop an alternative self (Chidley, 51). With the LambdaMOO defined, lets look more closely at the virtual rape Mr. Bungle committed on legba and Starsinger that took place there. Mr. Bungle, Starsinger and legba are personas of the people who created them for the use of virtual portrayal while logged on at the LambdaMOO.